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Albunex and Infoson, used mainly in cardiac evaluations, are first generation one-pass-only contrast agents and have been replaced by the new-generation contrast media. Albunex and Infoson are the same sonicated human serum albumin microbubbles. Infoson is licensed and manufactured in Europe, while Albunex was produced in the USA.
Albunex, an air-filled microbubble with a denatured albumin shell (modified from air-filled albumin microspheres prepared from sonicated 5% human serum albumin), was the first FDA-approved contrast agent, but is no longer in production.
Cardiac shunts and valve regurgitations are often evaluated with Color Doppler Imaging (CDI), which also improved with injections of Albunex, but this agent is pressure-sensitive and does not recirculate. It is effectively a one-pass-only agent, limiting its clinical efficacy.

See also First generation USCA, Echocardiography and Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound.

Echoes of deep lying structures within the body do not always come from the latest emitted sound pulse and can produce an aliasing artifact. Aliasing lowers the frequency components when the pulse repetition frequency is less than 2 times the highest frequency of a Doppler signal. This artifact can be problematical at Spectral or Color Doppler examinations.
Aliasing of the data displayed in pulsed wave technology is utilized as a benefit in determining transitions from laminar to turbulent flow.

See also Ultrasound Imaging Modes.

The Doppler signal from any range gate is proportional to the number of red blood cells moving through during the periods of its read out, so the amplitude (or loudness) works as an indicator of the number of blood cell reflectors.
High Doppler amplitudes are generated by large pulsed Doppler or color Doppler imaging range gates and large vessels.

See also Amplitude Map, Color Amplitude Imaging.

Amplitude map is a color Doppler display in which the color corresponds to the amplitude of the Doppler signal.