Medical Ultrasound Imaging
Saturday, 27 April 2024
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The definition of imaging is the visual representation of an object. Medical imaging is a broad term that encompasses various imaging modalities and techniques used in the field of medicine to visualize and study the body's anatomy and physiology. It includes both diagnostic and non-diagnostic imaging procedures, where diagnostic imaging specifically refers to the subset of medical imaging techniques that are primarily focused on diagnosing diseases or conditions. Medical imaging techniques are employed to obtain images or visual representations of the internal organs, tissues, and structures, aiding in the diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of medical conditions.
The field of medical imaging has significantly evolved since the discovery of X-rays by Konrad Roentgen in 1896. Initially, radiological imaging involved focusing X-rays on the body and capturing the images on a single piece of film within a specialized cassette. Subsequent advancements introduced the use of fluorescent screens and special glasses for real-time visualization of X-ray images. A significant breakthrough came with the application of contrast agents, enhancing image contrast and improving organ visualization. In the 1950s, nuclear medicine studies utilizing gamma cameras demonstrated the uptake of low-level radioactive chemicals in organs, enabling the observation of biological processes in vivo. Currently, positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) technologies play pivotal roles in clinical research and the diagnosis of biochemical and physiological processes. Additionally, the advent of the x-ray image intensifier in 1955 facilitated the capture and display of x-ray movies. In the 1960s, diagnostic imaging incorporated the principles of sonar, using ultrasonic waves generated by a quartz crystal. These waves, reflecting at the interfaces between different tissues, were received by ultrasound machines and translated into images through computer algorithms and reconstruction software. Ultrasound (ultrasonography) has become an indispensable diagnostic tool across various medical specialties, with immense potential for further advancements such as targeted contrast imaging, real-time 3D or 4D ultrasound, and molecular imaging. The first use of ultrasound contrast agents (USCA) dates back to 1968. Digital imaging techniques were introduced in the 1970s, revolutionizing conventional fluoroscopic image intensifiers. Godfrey Hounsfield's pioneering work led to the development of the first computed tomography (CT) scanner. Digital images are now electronic snapshots represented as grids of dots or pixels. X-ray CT brought about a breakthrough in medical imaging by providing cross-sectional images of the human body with high contrast between different types of soft tissue. These advancements were made possible by analog-to-digital converters and computers. The introduction of multislice spiral CT technology dramatically expanded the clinical applications of CT scans. The first magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) devices were tested on clinical patients in 1980. With technological improvements, such as higher field strength, more open MRI magnets, faster gradient systems, and novel data-acquisition techniques, MRI has emerged as a real-time interactive imaging modality capable of providing detailed structural and functional information of the body. Today, imaging in medicine offers a wide range of modalities, including:
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X-ray projection imaging;
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Fluoroscopy;
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Computed tomography (CT / CAT);
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Ultrasound imaging (US)
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Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT);
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Positron emission tomography (PET);
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Mammography.
These imaging modalities have become integral components of modern healthcare. With the rapid advancement of digital imaging, efficient management has become important, leading to the expansion of radiology information systems (RIS) and the adoption of Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS) for digital image archiving. In telemedicine, real-time transmission of all medical image modalities from MRI to X-ray, CT and ultrasound has become the standard. The field of medical imaging continues to evolve, promising further innovations and advancements in the future, ultimately contributing to improved patient care and diagnostics. See also History of Ultrasound Contrast Agents, and History of Ultrasound.  Further Reading: News & More:
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(MRgFUS) Magnetic resonance guided focused ultrasound is a surgical procedure that uses high intensity focused ultrasound waves to destroy tissue in combination with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which guides the treatment. With focused ultrasound waves uterine fibroids are heated and destroyed (ablated) inside the MRI device , allowing the physician to plan, monitor and control the treatment with temperature sensitive images while it is in progress. See also High Intensity Focused Ultrasound, and Interventional Ultrasound. Further Reading: Basics:
News & More:
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As low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) is in ultrasound imaging (ultrasonography) as well as in other medical imaging modalities (MRI, X-RAY, etc.) the guiding principle to keep patient exposure as low as possible for the diagnostic result.
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Any abnormal reaction of a patient to an examination or procedure, like for example side effects of contrast agents or claustrophobia. Claustrophobic attacks as can happen with MRI are unknown with ultrasound examinations. Adverse reactions with ultrasonic contrast agents are very infrequent. In general, adverse reactions increase with the quantity of contrast media and also with the osmolarity of the compound. Most frequently encountered adverse reactions are: Heat sensation, dizziness, nausea, hypotension due to vasodilatation, which can progress to hypotensive shock and anaphylactic reactions. • 
The Germany-based pharmaceutical company is the result of the take-over of Schering AG by Bayer AG in 2006. The Bayer Schering Pharma AG is part of the Bayer HealthCare AG, which represents the pharmaceutical part of the Bayer Group.The company makes ultrasound, x-ray and MRI contrast media, drugs for treating cancer, multiple-sclerosis, heart and nervous system disorders and severe skin conditions. In general, its activities are focused on four business areas: Fertility control & hormone therapy, diagnostics & radiopharmaceuticals, dermatology as well as specialized therapeutics for disabling diseases in the fields of the central nervous system, oncology and cardiovascular system. Currently, Bayer Schering Pharma discontinued the manufacturing and development of ultrasound contrast agents. Ultrasound Contrast Agents:
Contact Information
MAIL
Bayer Schering Pharma AG
51368 Leverkusen GERMANY
PHONE
+49-30-46-81-2431
FAX
+49-30-46-81-8195
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[last update: 2023-11-06 01:42:00]