Medical Ultrasound Imaging
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Searchterm 'Sonogram' found in 21 articles
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Pelvic Ultrasound
As far as ultrasound is concerned, 4D ultrasound (also referred to as live 3D ultrasound or 4B-mode) is the latest ultrasound technology - the fourth dimension means length, width, and depth over time. 4D Ultrasound takes 3D ultrasound images and adds the element of time to the progress so that a moving three-dimensional image is seen on the monitor. A 4D scan takes the same amounts of time as a 2D or 3D scan; the difference is the ultrasound equipment being used. One advantage of a 4D fetal ultrasound to a 2D-mode is that parents can see how their baby will generally look like. However, there are different opinions over the medical advantages.
To scan a 3D ultrasound image, the probe is swept over the maternal abdomen. A computer takes multiple images and renders the 3D picture. With 4D imaging, the computer takes the images as multiple pictures while the probe is hold still and a 3D image is simultaneously rendered in real time on a monitor.
In most cases, the standard 2D ultrasound is taken, and then the 3D/4D scan capability is added if an abnormality is detected or suspected. The 3D/4D sonogram is then focused on a specific area, to provide the details needed to assess and diagnose a suspected problem. A quick 4D scan of the face of the fetus may be performed at the end of a routine exam, providing the parents with a photo.
See also Obstetric and Gynecologic Ultrasound, Pregnancy Ultrasound, Fetal Ultrasound and Abdominal Ultrasound.
Side Effect
Diagnostic ultrasound imaging has no known risks or long-term side effects. Discomfort to the patient is very rare if the sonogram is accurately performed by using appropriate frequencies and intensity ranges. However, the application of the ALARA principle is always recommended.
There are reports of low birth weight of babies after applying more than the recommended ultrasound examinations during pregnancy. Women who think they might be pregnant should raise this issue with the doctor before undergoing an abdominal ultrasound, to avoid any harm to the fetus in the early stages of development.
Since ultrasound is energy, sensitive tissues like the reproductive organs could possibly sustain damage if vibrated to a high degree by too intense ultrasound waves. In diagnostic ultrasonic procedures, such damage would only result from improper use of the equipment.

Possible ultrasound bioeffects:
Ultrasonic heating of tissues can be created by absorption of the ultrasound energy.
Due to increasing of temperature, dissolved gases from microbubbles come out of the contrast solution.

The thermal effect is controlled by the displayed thermal index and the mechanical index indicates the risk of cavitation.
An ultrasound gel is applied to obtain better contact between the transducer and the skin. This has the consistency of thick mineral oil and is not associated with skin irritation or allergy.
Specific conditions for which ultrasound may be selected as a treatment may be attached with higher risks.

See also Ultrasound Imaging Procedures, Fetal Ultrasound and Obstetric and Gynecologic Ultrasound.
Sonographer
The field of medical imaging offers numerous career opportunities, and one profession is that of a sonographer. Sonographers play a critical role in healthcare by utilizing ultrasound technology to create images of the body's internal structures.
Becoming a Sonographer:
The educational and professional requirements for sonographers can vary from country to country. The duration of these programs can range from one to four years, depending on the country and level of qualification.
The typical path in the United States begins with obtaining a post-secondary education in diagnostic medical sonography from an accredited program. These programs usually result in an associate's or bachelor's degree. Coursework typically covers anatomy, physiology, medical ethics, ultrasound physics, and specialized sonography techniques. Additionally, students gain practical experience through clinical internships in healthcare facilities.
After completing their education, aspiring sonographers can choose to obtain professional certification through organizations such as the American Registry for Diagnostic Medical Sonography (ARDMS) or the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT). Certification often requires passing examinations that assess knowledge and competency in specific areas of sonography.
Many countries also have certification or registration requirements for sonographers. These certifications are typically obtained through professional bodies or organizations specific to each country. Examples include the Canadian Association of Registered Diagnostic Ultrasound Professionals (CARDUP) in Canada, the Australian Sonographers Accreditation Registry (ASAR) in Australia, and the Society and College of Radiographers (SCoR) in the United Kingdom.
Job Description:
Sonographers are skilled professionals who operate ultrasound machines and perform sonograms on patients. They work closely with physicians and other healthcare professionals to provide accurate and high-quality diagnostic images. Using sound waves, sonographers capture images of organs, tissues, and blood flow patterns, which are then used by medical practitioners to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions.
Sonographers must have a comprehensive understanding of anatomy, physiology, and sonographic techniques to optimize image quality. They interact directly with patients, explaining procedures, addressing concerns, and ensuring patient comfort throughout the scanning process. Documentation of findings and communication with the medical team are also essential responsibilities.
Some aspect of the job can be demanding, while sonographers often spend long hours on their feet, positioning and maneuvering patients during scans. Dealing with patients who are in pain, anxious, or difficult to scan requires empathy, patience, and excellent interpersonal skills. Sonographers often work in fast-paced environments, juggling multiple patients and procedures throughout the day. Effective time management is essential to ensure that scans are performed efficiently without compromising quality. Adhering to schedules and meeting the demands of the healthcare facility can add to the workload and stress levels.
Salary Outlook:
The salary of a sonographer can vary, based on factors such as experience, specialization, geographic location, and work setting. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, as of May 2021, the median annual wage for diagnostic medical sonographers was $77,740. Sonographers working in specialized hospitals, outpatient care centers, and diagnostic imaging centers tend to earn higher salaries compared to those in physician offices or government facilities. The salary prospects for sonographers outside the United States can vary significantly based on factors such as the country's economic conditions, healthcare system, demand for sonographers, and cost of living.
Future Outlook:
The future outlook for sonographers appears highly favorable. The demand for ultrasound imaging continues to grow due to advancements in medical technology and an aging population. This increasing demand for sonographers is expected to result in good job prospects and potential career advancement opportunities. Monitoring job markets, understanding regulatory requirements, and networking with professionals in international healthcare communities can provide valuable insights into future opportunities.

See also Handheld Ultrasound, Ultrasound Machine, Sonography, Portable Ultrasound Machine, Ultrasound Accessories and Supplies, Environmental Protection and Ultrasound Technology.
Thyroid Ultrasound
A thyroid ultrasound evaluates the size and shape of the thyroid gland and parathyroid glands. A thyroid ultrasound can show nodules, cysts, tumors, and an enlargement, but a sonogram cannot determine the function of the thyroid. Ultrasound guides the placement of the needle during a thyroid fine needle aspiration biopsy.

See also Sonographic Features, Ultrasound Imaging Modes, Anechoic, Beam Width Artifact and Enhancement Artifact.
Transrectal Sonography
(TRUS) Transrectal sonography (also called transrectal ultrasonography, transrectal echography (TRE), endorectal ultrasound (ERUS or EUS)) is an ultrasound procedure used to examine the prostate gland, the rectum or bladder.
A small, lubricated transducer placed into the rectum releases sound waves, which create echoes as they enter the region of interest. A computer creates a picture called a sonogram.
TRUS is commonly used for guidance during a prostate needle biopsy and may be used to deliver brachytherapy and monitor cancer treatment. Transrectal ultrasonography detects enlargement, tumors and other abnormalities of the prostate, rectal polyps, rectal cancer, perianal infection, and sphincter muscle injuries. TRUS is also performed on male patients with infertility to view the prostate and surrounding structures and on patients with suspected bladder conditions or disease to view the bladder.

See also Transurethral Sonography, Endoscopic Ultrasound, Pelvic Ultrasound, Rectal Probe, Biplane Probe, Endocavitary Echography and High Intensity Focused Ultrasound.
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